As a specific medical field neurology specializes in detecting and treating illnesses which affect the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and their two major branches—autonomic and somatic. Medical investigation covers all nervous system components starting from brain and spinal cord moving to peripheral nerves and continuing to the autonomic system and somatic nervous system components.

Neurological diseases and conditions range extensively because they impact the nervous system along with its tire coverings and blood supply as well as the connected muscles and tissues.

Neurological care directly relates to neuroscience because the scientific study of the nervous system establishes the fundamentals for brain and nerve functionality along with successful management of related conditions.